Transcendentalism was a cult or so to say, a rejection of God Essay

Transcendentalism was a spiritual, philosophical, literary movement that took place in the Boston area between the 1830s and late 1840s (Buchanan 1). The main idea was that the â€Å"soul of the individual is identical to the soul of the world and that it contains what the world contains,† and that the mind can apprehend absolute spiritual truths directly without having to detour through authorities and senses. This idea revolved around idealism, which is defined as â€Å"any theory positing the primacy of spirit, mind, or language over matter† (Campbell 2-3). Some have stated that Transcendentalism was a cult or so to say, a rejection of God. In reality, the movement was a preference to explain an individual and the world in terms of this individual. The individual was considered to be the spiritual center of the universe. Though not a cult, transcendentalism has ties to major religions. From Puritanism we get morality and the doctrine of divine light. From the Quakers, comes the inner light. Then, with Unitarianism there is the belief of the individual, the true source of the moral light (Reuben 2). Lockean philosophy, which involves all objects of the understanding described to be ideas, and ideas are spoken of as being in the mind, as well as Calvinist beliefs were used to underwrite the belief in Christianity and to focus on science and cognizance (Bickman 2). Ralph Waldo Emerson explains the name and the idea behind the movement with his profound statement, â€Å"It is well known to most of my audience, that the Idealism of the present day acquired the name of Transcendental, from the use of that term by Immanuel Kant, of Konigsberg, who replied to the skeptical philosophy of Locke, which insisted that there was nothing in the intellect which was not previously in the experience of the senses, by showing that there was a very important class of ideas, or imperative forms, which did not come by experience but through which experience was acquired: that these were intuitions of the mind itself; and he denominated them the Transcendental forms. â€Å" With the Unitarian church, came the optimistic and rationalistic ideas which lead to Transcendentalism. William Ellery Channing, Andrews Norton, and Edward Everett were ministers and philosophers of this time who were tied with the church. They pretty much made the transcendentalists who they were (Bickman 2). Those who agreed with the ideas of the church and the ideas of Emerson joined a club named, The Transcendental Club. Emerson was the head of it, and Hedge, Francis, Clarke, and Alcott would meet at George Ripley’s house to form this organization. The organization was formed to exchange the thought of new ideas in philosophy, theology, and literature, but the members never decided to come up with a new form of religion (â€Å"Transcendentalism† 333). The taken philosophical meaning of this organization was that the â€Å"man’s practical and imaginative faculties play a part in his apprehension of the truth. † In the art and literature world was a â€Å"creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life† (327). Emerson was an educated man who studied at Harvard. He was a minister during the time of the Transcendental Club, and when his wife died, he decided to resign since he could not participate in communion. Emerson then decided to write poetic prose, essays with recurring themes (â€Å"Emerson† 1). He believed that â€Å"reason is the highest faculty of the soul? what we mean by the soul itself; it never reasons, never proves, it simply perceives; it is wisdom† (Campbell 4). With the ideas of oversoul, reason, wisdom, and perception, Emerson wrote what would be the most important essay in his life, Nature (Bickman 4). The focus of the essay was to describe the nature of life and how we are supposed to live. The essay helps to distinguish between macrocosm and microcosm, the difference in the world outside of an individual and that of the world inside (Campbell 4). The introduction expresses how a creature is to interact with God, how nature has no secrets, and how nature is divided between body and soul. After the introduction, Emerson divides the essay into sections titled as â€Å"Nature†, â€Å"Commodity†, â€Å"Beauty†, â€Å"Language†, â€Å"Discipline†, â€Å"Idealism†, â€Å"Spirit†, and â€Å"Prospects†. Throughout these chapters come this Transcendental / Romantic idea. There are no secrets in this form of intervention. Reality is split into nature and the soul (Steinhart 1). By going outside and looking at the stars, you can have a direct relation with nature, but your mind must be open. Emerson mentions, â€Å"I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. † He explains how open minded a person can be, and how they can connect with the oversoul through this process (2). Nature is only here to serve for our human needs, so it needs to be used wisely (3). Nature is also strict truth without ambiguity, and it can be perceived as an incarnation of God (8, 11). Emerson and other Transcendentalists believe that humans have the mental power and capacity to power over our own bodies (11). In other words, we control what goes on in our life by using our mind. And towards the end of the essay, comes the idea that when we are saved and restored, in the end we as beings will have the powers equal to those of God (13). Emerson was not the only Transcendental writer. Others included Margaret Fuller, Theodore Parker, Jones Very, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, and the original Dr. William Ellery Channing. The closest known to Emerson would have to be Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau also grew up in Massachusetts and while in college studied Emerson’s Nature (â€Å"Great? † 1-2). The essay influenced Thoreau to keep a journal of his philosophies. The most influential journal published would be Walden (2). Walden is an autobiography / pastoral / extended familiar essay / literary excursion that pulls the reader into a mythic time that can be related to the present (6). Overall, the journal explains to the reader why the spiritual discipline is necessary for coming into the presence and possession of the sacred world (7). Transcendentalism was the living force that seemed to be extinguished as quickly as the flame started. Perry Miller, a professor at Harvard, says â€Å"Parker killed himself with overwork, and Thoreau expanded himself; Emerson dissolved into aphasia, Ripley subsided into disillusion, Hedge became a Harvard professor? Brownsun became a catholic, as did Sophia Ripley, and Elizabeth Peabody became a ? character’. † In the end, Emerson and Thoreau were easily the most well known out of the Transcendentalists. Emerson’s essays and Thoreau’s Walden seemed to be more popular than the rest of the group (Bickman 4). The thoughts of the Transcendentalists still live on, but as for the writing, it has pretty much ended. Personally, I highly recommend that everyone should read at least one piece from the Transcendentalism period. The reading is very influential and gets the reader thinking about life and how things fall together. The readings also change the reader’s perception of religion and could bring on an interest in theology. From reading Nature and Walden myself, I became hooked on the thought of the oversoul and the internal light within us. The stories impacted my spiritual being, as well as my mind. The philosophies of Transcendentalists also make the reader wonder where the thoughts come from and how they derive these thoughts. In all, it is in a way needed that everyone reads some of the Transcendentalists work, just for a change in thought. Works Cited Bickman, Martin. â€Å"An Overview of American Transcendentalism. † Internet. Available: http://www. vcu. edu/engwed/transcendentalism/ideas/definition. html 6 Apr 2004. Campbell, Donna M. â€Å"American Transcendentalism. † Literary Moments. Internet. Available: http://www. gonzaga. edu/faculty/campbell/enl311/amtrans. html 6 Apr 2004. â€Å"Ralph Waldo Emerson. † Internet. Available: http://www. poets. org/poets. cfm? prmID=205 19 Apr 2004. Great Thinkers of the World. HarperCollins Publishers, 1999. 372. Reuben, Paul P. â€Å"Chapter 4: Early Nineteenth Century ? American Transcendentalism: A Brief Introduction. † PAL: Perspectives in American Literature ? A Research and Reference Guide. Internet. Available: http://www. csustan. edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro. html 6 Apr 2004. Steinhart, Eric. â€Å"Commentary on Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Nature. † Internet. Available: http://www. wpunj. edu/cohssi/philosophy/COURSES/PHIL218/NATURE. HTM 6 Apr 2004. â€Å"Transcendentalism. † The Cambridge History of American Literature. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917. 326 – 348.

China: The Advantages And Disadvantages of International Trade Essay

International trade has always been an attractive idea for merchants and businessman since time immemorial. There is always an opportunity to sell more, make more profits, increase the market share, remove seasonality fluctuations of demand and supply, increase in productivity, and of course a business or even a country learns a lot on the product development technologies and strategies from doing business with other countries or regions. Trade also leads to higher GDP, better and more choices of products for consumers, increase in competition in domestic market leads to competitive prices which is good for consumers, competition also leads to better quality in goods and services, and reduces unemployment and poverty. Thus, this leads to growth and maturing of a countries economy as a whole and also the businesses involved. Trade also leads to some problems that are not that obvious at the onset of trade. Even though trade tends to increase employment in one nation it may lead to job cuts in another. As businesses shift manufacturing for instance from richer nations to third world or developing nations, they take advantage of the cheap labor, weaker labor policies, weaker environmental policies, and support of the governments in these countries. They are able to recruit more and thus produce more for less. But this leads to job cuts in the parent rich nations. Trade also leads to job cuts in the developing and third world countries due to competition with multinationals from developed nations and also due to exposure to automation and modernization. Many businesses cannot put up with high productivity and competitive pricing of stronger businesses from richer nations and thus finally may lead to closing down of weaker businesses and unemployment in the face of competition. But we also have to realize that employment also increases through the new businesses from the richer nations. Overall there is a potential increase in employment. There is a problem of increasing income inequalities in China. As the business houses tend to take advantage of weaker policies in labor and environment, there will be environmental pollution leading to health and environmental complications; further labor discrimination leading to weaker social well-being. Businesses particularly also need to realize that protection of Intellectual property rights may not be recognized or understood or at least weak in some of the nations thus, leading to piracy, copyright violations, patents violations, product copies etc. This may well erode the competitive advantage, and the brand image of businesses. The above comments on international trade can be closely associated with the international trade involving China. China has become the manufacturing hub of the world. Substantial part of the economy of China depends on international trade. The advantages it gives for other countries to setup manufacturing plants in China is its strong government support for FDIs, Infrastructure development, cheap labor, weak environment and labor laws, new strong market reach which includes China, India, Japan, Russia, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia etc, access to cheap Chinese supplier base, thus larger sales and profits, seasonality of product supply and demand can be managed (one can always sell the product in China and the markets close to it if the demand is lower in North America or Europe). US has profited considerably through trade with China. Sales of products from US have grown in popularity in China boosting US multinationals (Expanded trade with China has, in fact, been a b lessing for large U.S. multinationals like Boeing, Caterpillar, and Cargill, which had trumpeted the prospect of a massive Chinese market for American products and services. China is the world’s fastest growing market for commercial aviation, and needs billions of dollars worth of airplanes from Boeing. Its growing infrastructure has been a boon for companies like Caterpillar, which produces tractors and other heavy equipment. And it is importing billions of dollars worth of farm products, a boon to companies like Cargill. Last year, China bought $2.9 billion worth of soybeans — the top U.S. export crop to China. China also has proven to be a growing market for U.S.-made fertilizer and chemicals.). China’s benefits were as follows: its economy has been growing at a very rapid rate (for instance, China’s economy grew at an average rate of 10% per year during the period 1990-2004, the highest growth rate in the world.), the resulting increase in business activity drastically reduced poverty (China has been credited for greatly lowering the percentage of East Asian population living in poverty in a recent World Bank report â€⠀œ from 80% to 18% in a span of 20 years), created employment (Foreign investment remains a strong element in China’s rapid expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth of urban jobs.), saw a large growth in cities (population: 30% urban in 1950, estimated 60% urban in 2030, 19 mega-cities > 10 million, 22 cities with 5 with 10 million, 370 cities with 1 to 5 million, 440 cities with 0.5 to 1 million), increased the technology and business exposure of domestic firms and the countries technological expertise (China has acquired some highly sophisticated production facilities through trade and also has built a number of advanced engineering plants capable of manufacturing an increasing range of sophisticated equipment, including nuclear weapons and satellites.); Making the firms and the country more competitive, increased the variety of products available to the consumers, domestic manufacturers matured and increased competition in local market (e.g. Shanghai motors), prices became competitive, Chinese suppliers matured enough to support the big multinationals (e.g. Toyota, GM) in Japan and China, trade has helped Chinese government earn huge revenues due to trade that helps to increase investment in public welfare and social infrastructure, thus increasing the overall well being of China, China is also exporting and importing to and from many countries respectively thus, it is able to manage seasonality in the supply and demand of the products involved by diverting exports (Cheap Chinese goods export to South Asian, and South East Asian markets) and switching sources of imports (Crude oil from African (e.g. Chad and Darfur), South America (e.g. Venezuela) and Middle-east (e.g. Iran) countries) as and when required, in the process China is a lso able to reduce dependence on any single country. Chinese exports is around $1216 billion (2007) to countries as US 21.0%, EU 18.1%, Hong Kong 17.0%, Japan 12.4%, ASEAN 7.2%, South Korea 4.7% (2004) while its imports is around $953.9 billion (2007) from Japan 16.8%, EU 12.4%, ASEAN 11.2%, South Korea 11.1%, US 7.9%, Russia 2.2% (2004). However, in spite of the many positives of international trade there have been less obvious problems in the form of labor discrimination (86 percent said discrimination exists in China’s employment market; 51 percent see the discrimination as serious. ; China’s employee market is woefully inefficient and small foreign companies are very well positioned to take advantage of this., even multinationals like Reebok have been found guilty of labor discrimination and of taking unfair advantage of weak labor policies. Even local firms are taking such advantages), environmental problems (State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) announced that 130 foreign companies did not comply with current environmental laws. In fact, many multinationals see weak environmental laws as a means for cost reduction and therefore maintain different environmental standards in China than in their home countries. Multinationals can pollute more in China mainly because of an incomplete regulation system and loose supervision with few penalties that lead to a low incentive for keeping to the environmental law.), and legal problems for firms in the areas of protection of Intellectual Property Rights in China (There is little awareness that infringement is a crime in China. Growth of new businesses has outpaced the government’s ability to regulate them). Trade has fired competition which in turn has pushed many of the multinationals and domestic firms to take advantage of limited media rights, weak labor policies and implementation, and weak environmental policies and implementation (90 multinationals that have been found by the environmental protection authorities to have violated water pollution regulations since 2004, Forbes reports. General Motors, Samsung, Unilever, Pepsi and Yum Brands chains Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut are just a few of the companies on the list, according to the article.). Both the US and China has suffered job cuts. China is losing millions of manufacturing jobs due to automation and the adoption of new business systems and production techniques, according to The Conference Board in New York. Between 1995 and 2002, 15 million manufacturing jobs were lost in China, or about 15 percent of the total manufacturing workforce, The Conference Board found after working with China’s National Bureau of Statistics. Manufacturing employment in China fell from 98 million in 1995 to 83 million in 2002. By comparison, the United States now has 14.5 million workers in the manufacturing sector, about 3 million less than in 1999. Trade does have enormous benefits but not without some corrections required and some inevitable losses in the form of job cuts. The job cuts can be corrected though with appropriate training of the unemployed to take up jobs requiring higher skills. Countries belonging to the OECD have attempted methods and policies to reduce the unemployment created through the effect of trade. Denmark for instance cut its unemployment from about 10 percent in the early 1990s to less than 5 percent now. The main ingredient for the Danish success is a system called â€Å"flexicurity,† a set of liberal policies for hiring and firing, allowing relatively frictionless adjustment to shocks caused by international trade. A generous system of carefully monitored unemployment benefits and funding for retraining displaced workers complement Denmark’s labor-market flexibility. Governments have a range of policies to expand trade while minimizing the loss of jobs. However, a complete solution to the losses from trade is inconclusive and like always not fully repairable.

Aspects of Weston village and HCBD problems

Aspects of Weston village and HCBD problems The ICI chemical plant at Runcorn has been landfilling its unwanted waste by products in the disused quarries in the village of Weston in Cheshire. These by products were the result of the production of a variety of chemical products including polyvinyl chemicals, chlorinated alkanes, chlorinated naphthalene, and many more solvents. However, over the last decade high concentrations of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) have been measured close to and inside a number of residences within close proximity to the site. A major concern is that this chemical is not manufactured commercially, meaning that that the presence must be from the landfill. Further investigation into several boreholes revealed that HCBD vapour concentrations were high. The use of these quarries stopped in the mid 1970’s, thus meaning the site was capped and landscaped to fit back in with the environment around it. HCBD HCBD is a man made chemical, which is colourless, oily and does not dissolve in water. This chemical is toxic to aquatic organism and plants, and tends to accumulate and persist in soils and water. This means that it could have global scale environmental effects. Hexachlorobutadiene occur as a by-product during the chlorinolysis of butane in the production of tetrachloride and tetrachloroethene (Berndt and Mehendale, 1979). These two commodities are manufactured on such a large scale that the amount of HCBD can be produced on industrial demand. Toxicity According to the EPA IRIS report the oral slope factor is 7.8 x10 -2 per mg/kg-day (EPA IRIS, 2002). An oral slope factor is used to estimate the risk of cancer with exposure to a carcinogenic, in this case HCBD was tested. It uses a 95% confidence limit for the increased cancer risk from a lifetime of exposure to HCBD via ingestion or inhalation. This estimation uses the units of mg per substance, kg of body weight, per day. The drinking water unit risk is 2.2 x10 -6 per  µg/L, this means level of HCBD in drinking water where the level is dangerous to consume (EPA IRIS, 2018). The quantitative estimation of the carcinogenic risk from inhalation exposure is 2.2 x10 -5 per  µg/m3. Concerns over HCBD relate to limited toxicological studies that show that this chemical is a probable human carcinogen as well as a systemic toxin, being probable to cause liver damage if exposed to humans. Studies on rats have shown high levels of HCBD to cause kidney cancer, although this has yet to be proven within humans. Kociba et al. (1997) found from studies on the rats, the tumour’s to be located in the urinary, this does not differ for either oral exposure or inhalation. Fish species and crustaceans have been found to be the most sensitive, 96-h LC50 values ranging from 0.032 to 1.2 and 0.09 to approximately 1.7 mg l -1 for crustaceans and fish respectively (Toxic substance profile, 2018). Exposure assessment: CalTOX The purpose of this assessment is to undertake a risk assessment on HCBD through relevant toxicological information and applying a multi-media, fate and toxic assessment model (CalTOX) to the Weston site. This model was developed for the Californian EPA for specific use in assessing the human risk through exposure to organic chemicals in environmental media from contaminated landfill sites (McKone, 1993). This model was created using both Excel/Visual Basic and incorporates a dynamic Level III fugacity model to distribute the chemical into 8 environmental compartments and to determine concentrations in soil, air, water (surface and groundwater) as well as plants/crops. A human risk characterisation pathways model is also incorporated within CalTOX to determine human doses for the various pathways of exposure (McKone, 1993). Pathways The exact quantities of HCBD are unknown, however as part of ICI â€Å"Project Pathway† an assessment into the industrial activity around Weston village. This used borehole data and over 2000 indoor air measurements. This occurred in 1993 and was a voluntary assessment of the legacy of almost 200 years of industry. The aim of the project pathway was to explore whether the industrial activity posed an unacceptable risk to people or the environment (Barnes et al., 2002). The Western Quarries are located on a Triassic sandstone, with a depth of 30m below the surface. The ground water level at the quarry 70m. The last quarrying action stopped in the 1900’s but since then it has been for dispersal of industrial and chemical waste. The data provided from the initial assessment, such as geology, contaminants, migration pathway and sources, helped to review the site. This review found that subsurface vapour transport of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons through the relative air-permeable vadose zone in the sandstone as a potentially significant contaminant mitigation pathway (Moss, 2004). Due to this finding, a plan was implemented to assess the significance of this potential contaminant migration pathway. This plan involved installing a network of vapour monitoring wells around the North and South Quarry between the source area and the potentially affected houses. These monitoring stations found hexachlorobutadiene concentrations, these have raised concern over the potential to affect indoor air in the surrounding properties. Dose Data In the following years, a more comprehensive study was undertaken by the Building Research Establishment (BRE), this involved screening 390 properties over 15 months (Moss, 2004). They indoor air value has a guideline if 0.6 ppbv (Parts per billion by volume) for HCBD levels (Barnes et al., 2002). The tests found a total of 29 properties that exceeded this level. All of these houses were adjacent to the quarry. From these findings, the release of HCBD from the quarry is at a dangerous level, action must be taken to prevent human life being put at risk. Risk Assessment: Cancer HCBD has been found to be a carcinogen, studies on rats have proven that the chemical does cause cancer in high doses (Berndt and Mehendale, 1979). This has yet to be proven on humans. Using the cancer potency information taken from the EPA IRIS database, the probability for the additional cancer risk through exposure to HCBD has been calculated at 6.0E-4 (6.010-4). The equation to calculate this reads: P(d) = q * d The P(d) is the lifetime probability of developing cancer, d is the dose (mg/kg per day), q is the slope potency factor (mg/kg per day)-1. The odds of gaining cancer through exposure to any chemical need to be below one in a million. As proven by this equation the conservative low-dose cancer probability is 6.0E-4. This is way above the one in a million, meaning exposure to this chemical is too high of a risk of causing cancer. From this it shows that something must be done to more humans away from the site. As HCBD was found at the quarry and within the air in and around the houses, some action must be taken as it is not safe to live there. Hazard From the CalTOX model a hazard index can be produced. This uses the Exposure dose over the tolerable daily intake. If this value is greater than one, there is an unacceptable risk. From this a hazard index number is calculated, for this exposure it is 7.4 E (7.410). The value of 7.4 E is very high, proving some action needs to be taken. What could be done? As proven by the results the hazard and cancer risk is too high to have no intervention at this site. Something must be done to either stop the outbreak and/or remove residents from living near the quarry. The ICI have many options to try and resolve this problem, however some have concerns over effectiveness and expensiveness of the methods. The first method is to remove the source of the HCBD. This would involve excavating the site, pulling up all the landfill and removing it to a secure location where it can be destroyed or dealt with. This method would ensure no more HCBD and other dangerous chemicals would be released around the quarry (Poblete et al., 2011). This method is useful as the source has been removed, so there would be no new production. However, this will be a large-scale project, that will take months to years to complete. This would cause major disruption to the town with heavy traffic and noisy work. On top of this, it would be the most expensive method. Another method that could be considered is trying to contain the site. This method would involve re-capping the site, by removing what is already there and putting a new layer on. There are three steps to this, a top layer of soil and vegetation, the second is a drainage layer and the third is a low permeable layer (Rittmann et al., 1996; Raghab et al., 2013). This is typically made of synthetic material covering a few feet of compacted clay. The main benefit of this is that no more chemicals would be allowed to escape into the surrounding area. This would also make the local properties livable again after the HCBD has been removed from the air. A problem with this method is that it could become quite expensive and has the potential to cause minor disruption. The effectiveness of this is also questioned, as typically when landfill sites are capped they should be contained and as proven at Weston it does not always work. A method that should be considered is to capture the HCBD released. Siwajek et al. (1998) studied the recovery of gas at landfill sites. This was done for both methane and carbon dioxide, however it’s still unsure if this could be done for HCBD. As stated by Siwajek et al. (1998) this method would require the installation of pipe work all around the site and has the potential to be expensive. A third option is to relocate and rehouse the local residents and demolish the houses. This would mean that residents would not be at risk. However, this would not be favorable to local residents. Management of HCBD risk in Weston The recommendations going forward would be to prevent the further release of HCBD and any other chemicals. This would best be done via containment, if plausible at this site. This would mean that local residents would be able to stay. However, it could be for the best if the house that recorded unsafe levels of HCBD be demolished or evacuated until safe to return. On top of this, a plan should be put in place for healthcare to local residents that were/could have been at risk of ingestion of HCBD. The uncertainties within this approach is the effectiveness of the containment and the potential for future leakage as the source is still nearby. To counter these a safe radius around the site should be erected with any houses within this demolished and the residents rehomed. When resealing the site, an alternative cover type could be used such as asphalt or a bioengineered management cover, however the most effective for preventing further release should be used. Model suitability and validation Like any model, the results are not always accurate, however they are very useful. This is especially true when predicting future outcome. They are also valuable when testing something potentially dangerous, such as the exposure of chemicals. The CalTOX model used was useful as many parameters can be inputted into the model. This is especially true for the landscape as biological, aquatic and soils based properties can be altered (Bonnard, 2006). One advantage of the model is the speed, the model can be changed and run in minutes (Hurtwich, 2000). To make any alteration, the whole model does not have to be run again, this is the advantage of the model being simulated in Excels. However, there are some disadvantages with using the CalTOX model. This includes the uncertainty and sensitivity to the parameters, this also raises questions over the accurate meaning given to the parameters concerning their actual use in the equations (Bonnard, 2006). As much of an advantage having lots of parameters is, it can also be a problem. This is shown if there is a lack of scientific data for many of the limits, the model cannot be run to full potential. To complete the spreadsheet a lot of data collection would be needed. What did happen at Weston village? As the results from the Building Research Establishment were over 0.6 ppbv in 29 houses adjacent to the quarry, it was determined the best course of action was to demolish the houses. This meant there would be no future risk as the land is uninhabitable, and the quickest solution (Barnes et al., 2005). Conclusion The quarry site around Weston village has leaked the carcinogenic chemical HCBD. From inputting the details of this exposure into the CalTOX model, it assessed the human risk to HCBD. From this it was determined the chemical was unsafe and too much of a hazard to allow it to be inhaled. To prevent future incidents, a recommendation to re-contain the site to prevent the further release of HCBD and other chemicals. This method would cause disruption to the local community and force some residents out of their homes, however this seems the best method going forward. Comparing this to the actual outcome, less houses would be demolished and the continued leakage of chemicals out of the quarry would be stopped. However, this would be more expensive and potentially time consuming.

Micro and Macro Economics (marginal revenue; marginal cost; Essay

Micro and Macro Economics (marginal revenue; marginal cost; elasticity) - Essay Example Define marginal revenue and explain its relationship with total revenue. â€Å"Marginal revenue (MR) is the rate of change in total revenue with respect to quantity sold†. In other words marginal revenue is the additional revenue from a product earned by a producer through the production and sales of an extra unit of the product. Algebraically, marginal revenue is the difference between total revenue earned by producing and selling ‘n’ units of a product instead of ‘n-1’ units. Formula for calculating marginal revenue is MR = ∆TR/∆Q Marginal revenue is the addition to total revenue associated with a unit increase in output or sales. There is a direct relation between marginal revenue and total revenue. When marginal revenue is positive, total revenue increases and it falls when marginal revenue is negative. B. Define marginal cost and explain its relationship with total cost. â€Å"Marginal cost is the change in total cost associated with a unit change in quantity†. Marginal cost is thus the additional cost incurred by the producer in producing an additional unit of product. Marginal cost is thus a cost incured in addition to previous cost ie. cost of producing ‘n’ units of output inplace of ‘n-1’ units. Formula for calculating marginal cost is MC = ∆TC/∆Q Marginal cost is related to the average total cost in the short-run since a change in total cost is reflected in the total average cost. The total variable cost is got by summing up marginal cost. C. Define profit and explain the concept of profit maximization. â€Å"An economist measures a firm’s economic profit as the firm’s total revenue minus all the opportunity costs (explicit and implicit) of producing the goods and services sold† (Mankiw, 2011, p. 262). Profit is the reward received by an entrepreneur for the risk taken during the process of production or for alloting scarce resources for production. Profit maximization is a method used for determinig the quantity of output to be produced and price to be incurred by an entrepreneur so as to receive maximum profit. D. Explain how a profit-maximizing firm determines its optimal level of output, using marginal revenue and marginal cost as criteria. A profit-maximizing firm will determine its optimal level o f output at the point where marginal revenue of the firm equals its marginal cost. At this point the firm receives maximum profit. E. Explain what action a profit-maximizing firm takes if marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost. If marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost, then a profit maximizing firm will increase production which will be followed by a movement from earlier point of marginal revenue to a new intersection point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. This step is adopted by the firm as there is room for further revenue at the earlier stage. F. Explain what action a profit-maximizing firm takes if marginal revenue is less than marginal cost. In a situation where marginal cost of a profit-maximizing firm exceeds its marginal revenue, the firm will cut short its production up to a level where it will equalize its marginal cost to marginal revenue. At the earlier level the firm was incurring loss. Task 2: A. Define the following three terms 1. Elastic ity of Demand: Elasticity of demand has various definitions. â€Å"The price elasticity of demand is a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity demanded of a good to the price of a good. ‘Price elasticity of demand’ is sometimes shortened to ‘elasticity of demand’† (Taylor & Weerapana, 2009, p. 93). 2. Cross-Price Elasticity (includes substitutes and complements): Cross-price elasticity is the degree of responsiveness to change in the price of a related commodity on the demand for a good. â€Å"

Urgent & Unscheduled Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Urgent & Unscheduled Care - Essay Example Urgent care centres shall be open on a continuous and 24-hour basis. Unscheduled care can be defined not only as the professional care, but also as the social care provided to a patient who cannot be ignored. The need of the unscheduled care is not pre-planned or an appointment with a professional. The concept says that the demand for unscheduled care can possibly incur at any time and the services should be provided in order to fulfil the demands of the one in need. Whenever contacted for, the unscheduled care shall be available. It gives the framework that if the unscheduled care is delayed, it can result in the loss of time or long term illness (Hill 34). The urgent and unscheduled care may have five levels of care at which they are operable. The levels of care are organized in the way of their priorities and type of care required. As the complexity of the problem increases, the volumes of such patients coming for urgent need decreases. This is because the more complex the problem of the patient will be, the more planned and organized the treatment will be for which there is scheduled care. The levels of care are a strategic framework according to which the hospitals and walk in centres prepare their equipment and professionals. The first level of urgent care is the self care. This means the patient is capable enough to provide himself with the immediate care needed, for example an injury happens, so the patient himself washes it, applies an antiseptic and puts on a band-aid. Self care can be provided by the nearby people or family members too. At times self care is provided by professionals through techniques such as the phone and internet. In some countries there are medical professionals who are available on the phone and internet 24 hours a day, so the patient can get the best urgent treatment at home if getting to the hospital may take long (Laird, Wardrope 278). The second level of care is

Mexican Film From 1936 to Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Mexican Film From 1936 to Present - Essay Example The history of Mexican Films dates back to the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Most of the films were made to mark the historical news and events, such as the ‘Mexican Revolution’. In 1936, Mexico had its first color film, by the name of ‘Novillero’. However, the Golden Age of the Mexican Film Industry began in the 1940’s. In this era the Mexican Film Industry directed 70 films, out of which some even received awards in the year’s Cannes Film Festival. 1990’s is said to be the Era of the Nueva Cinema Mexicano, or New Mexican Cinema. With the success of a number of award winning movies internationally, a ‘new wave’ or ‘renaissance’ is said to make waves in the Mexican Film Industry this era. By the 20th century Mexican directors had made absolutely implausible movies, such that they have actually started getting nominations for their movies in the Oscars (most prominent Award Ceremony of the world). In 2007, films of three Mexican directors received 16 Oscar nominations. The Mexican Industry is getting immense exposure, but the directors and actors are leaving, to represent their talent internationally and for greener pastures in Europe and America. Mexico’s current position of leadership can be seen as an achievement due to the Mexican cinema. Mexican cinema has experienced ‘Cultural Imperialism’, which is the practice of promoting a more powerful culture over a least know or desirable culture. In the early 1930’s decades after the ‘Mexican Revolution’, Mexico started emerging as a normal city. This was when the working class was working and bureaucracy was giving rise to a new sort of middleclass. This was what the movies in this era were based on. Directors showed the upheavals and the emergence of the Mexican society through their works. A movie is supposed to reflect the culture of a society and serve as a gauge to

Evaluate the development of the Public Health movement from it's Essay

Evaluate the development of the Public Health movement from it's inception in the 19th century to present day policy and practice - Essay Example The following paper will also define and assess the necessary aspects of the early and contemporary public healthcare systems. My focus will be on the definition of public health, its inequalities, any autonomous inquiries made into inequalities of public health, measure areas vital to lowering these inequalities, and elements that cause these health inequalities. The following essay will show a reflection of the legacy of public health acts in securing health development as a procedure entailing central administration, local authorities, and individuals. The development of the public health movement from the 1800s to present day policy and practice entails the creation, evolution, and implication of public healthcare acts (Whitehead, 2014, p. 22). Today, this act appears as if it could significantly progress the health of the English people because local authorities owe the public such a development. However, between the 1830s and 1840s, people found this act very contentious. European authorities had been responding to disease outbreaks with decrees for hundreds of years and this act meant this routine response would have to change (Seedhouse, 1986, p. 61). With clinical panels to counsel governments, Europe used armed forces to secure harbors, borders, and cities only when pandemics threatened their ways of life. Even more vital than the demographic likelihood of a disease breakout was social and technical information about the state’s public health status. The committee in charge of implementing the Public Health Act for England and Wales was successful in forming it incredibly fast and thoroughly even though another option was possible (Cholewka, and Motlagh, 2008, p. 21). The very practice of local self-analysis, together with a visit from a concerned, influential, but nonthreatening representative, enabled such an attitude to grow. Members of this committee frequently presented more than positive intents

Web Conferencing Its role in strengthening the business Essay

Web Conferencing Its role in strengthening the business - Essay Example The data for this study was collected and compiled from various literatures like books and journals so that a conclusion could be arrived on advantages and disadvantages of the technology. Qualitative methodology was used for this study so that literature related to the topic only could be used throughout the study underlining the topic of this study. The study reveals that web conferencing is more beneficial when compared to its disadvantages in the long run. The tool completely reduces the costs related to travel, food and accommodation of the team members and also saves time that is consumed during travelling facilitating the employees to communicate with their team members and participate in the conference from their branch office. The present paper will provide information to other researchers about the impact of web conferencing on the business organization and their disadvantages and advantages. The study is compilation of good number of literatures which are not easy to find and will serve the researchers with good information. The development has come a long way in terms of communication. Gone are the days when king used to send his messenger to convey message to his counterpart. Then came the government postal service followed by historic invention of telephone which enabled voice based communication minimizing the time and effort on both sides. But development was not meant to be stopped, only through innovation of telephone, the world wanted more. Internet created a revolution in the world providing effective communication through email and online chatting. Businesses compete in this competitive world of business on the basis of effective communication. Most of the organizations have gone global paving the way for globalization. In view of this, multinational companies opt for better and effective communication regarding the performance of business which was possible through email, online chatting, etc. But, there are times, when the organization wants to communicate through all its managers located at different locations, make some presentation, management briefing, etc., where email and chat tools look inefficient and web conferencing offers which other communication tool don't offer. David Geer (2005, p.14) states that web conferencing reduces the time for making decisions and according to the In-Stat/MDR statistics, web conferencing services have increased by 70% i.e $765 million from $450 million between the years 2002 and 2004 and was expected to reach $1.5 billion by the year 2007. Therefore the present paper is aimed at the importance of web conferencing in the present global scenario in regards to business and to identify its advantages and disadvantages. Web Conferencing - What, Why and How According to IEEE (2010) 'web conferencing' is a technology that allows multiple meeting with participants for effective communication with each other, live over the internet. Web conference requires people to meet in a dedicated online conference center which has the facility to share audio, video and files in real time. It facilitates an individual or group of people scattered from different places to communicate and accomplish common goals without travel expenses or technical hurdles. The technology which is the product of Web 2.0 offers variant support and facilities with regard to communication strategy. In general, web conferencing facilitates elimination of expensive and time consuming business travels; sharing video, audio, viewing

Multinational Corporation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Multinational Corporation - Assignment Example In reality, many international investors are seemingly small and weak. For instance, multinational firms originating from developing countries have become a visible force in the world of FDI (Wells, 1983) Small and medium-sized firms also play significant roles in outward investment (Buckley et al, 1988), which have benefited many countries, thereby ending up in predicting future threats. "FDI is a cross-border production activity that takes place for a number of reasons. Investment decisions are affected by market size and cost differentials, with firms investing in locations with relatively low production costs". (Barrell, 1997) After grappling with the question of why MNCs engages in International production, four theories are identified that attempts to explain four motivations for FDI, named Monopolistic Advantage Theory, Oligopolistic Reaction Theory, Internationalisation Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm. Hymer suggests that FDI occurs in imperfectly competitive markets and adopted an industrial organisation approach to explain the process of international production. Kindleberger details the nature of the monopolistic advantages that the foreign investor may possess over its domestic competitors. Thus, he indicates that these advantages may arise in the goods market to achieve vertical or horizontal integration. Kindleberger also states that monopolistic advantages may arise through the actions of government in the host country. In restricting imports, the government may inadvertently stimulate FDI. However, Caves argues that the vertically extended foreign investor does not rely on the possession of these unique assets. Its motivations for international production are to avoid oligopolistic uncertainty concerning the long-term supply and pricing of its inputs as well as to erect barriers to entry against new rivals. Hood and Young (1979) postulate that the monopolistic advantage theory fully explains the FDI made by US multinational enterprises during the post-World War II period. However, they question whether the MNC needs to possess any advantage when investing in developing countries, since it is confronted with little domestic competition. They cite the example of Japanese ventures in developing countries that are faced with few, if any, effective local competitors. (Hood and Young, 1979) Oligopolistic Reaction Theory Knickerbocker argues that a rival firm's moves into a foreign market not only could threaten the corporate earnings of the other oligopolists, but also could result in it acquiring competitive assets far in excess of those it already possesses. Thus, he posits, the defensive investment undertaken by the other oligopolists serves to maintain the balance of competition within the industry. (Barclay, 2000, p. 23) Knickerbocker postulates that it is the firms

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Contract Law - Essay Example In the case of Bell,3 the court ascertained that in the event of an occurrence of common mistakes that undermines the subject of the agreement it renders that contract void. The law recognizes three types of common mistakes namely, res extincta, res sua and mistake on the basis of quality and personality of the subject matter of the contract. Res axtincta is a common mistake where the parties enter into a contract to acquire something that does that both parties are unaware of its non-existence.4 res sua is a common mistake where one party forms an agreement with the other to acquire the interest in something already that party has, but without the knowledge of either party. Finally, a common mistake on the basis of quality is where the parties form an agreement to perform something different from what they thought it was.5 A common mistake can limit the parties to the contract from reaching an agreement because the parties are incapable of establishing corresponding offer and acceptance on an essential issue of the agreement.6 Also, even when parties have reached an agreement, there is a shared mistake in relation to the associated circumstance. Under the English Common law, the common mistakes might undermine the contract by rendering it completely void.7 However, unless the issues are serious it might not be necessary for the parties to seek legal intervention, even though, the parties could not have entered into the agreement had they known the true position at the time they were forming the contract.8 Equitable jurisdiction refers to a structure of integrity considered to enhance the common law by taking action in an equitable and rational manner that results in just outcome.9 Under equitable jurisdiction, the parties to the contract are prohibited from enforcing their legal rights in case it was unacceptable for them to do so. The essence of equitable jurisdiction is to ensure no party takes

Maths in Everyday Life Essay Example for Free

Maths in Everyday Life Essay You may find yourself wondering what use we have for some of the knowledge we obtain from math class in school. It is sometimes difficult for students to appreciate the importance of Mathematics. They often find the subject boring and hard to understand. With this project we will hopefully help our students realize that Mathematics is not just a subject on their time-table but a tool they use in their everyday life. Mathematics is one of the first things you learn in life. Even as a baby you learn to count. Starting from that tiny age you will start to learn how to use building blocks how to count and then move on to drawing objects and figures. Through the years, and probably through the centuries, teachers have struggled to make math meaningful by providing students with problems and examples demonstrating its applications in everyday life. Now, however, technology makes it possible for students to experience the value of math in daily life, instead of just reading about it. Math is everywhere and yet, we may not recognize it because it doesnt look like the math we did in school. Math in the world around us sometimes seems invisible. But math is present in our world all the timein the workplace, in our homes, and in life in general. When you buy a car, follow a recipe, or decorate your home, youre using math principles. This presentation also, is prepared using the principles of math. Math applies to daily life, with sections on gambling odds, buying and leasing cars, population growth, decorating, and cooking. Most sections include hands-on activities. Formulas are a part of our lives. Whether we drive a car and need to calculate the distance, or need to work out the volume in a milk container, algebraic formulas are used every day without you even realizing it. Simply put, mathematics is about relationships. Mathematicians have developed a language of precise relationships, illustrated through their formulas and equations. We live in a world where so far, as we have observed, everything is related and everything is experienced as different. We can learn about relationships in our world by looking at mathematical relationships that seem to match the situation being explored. For instance there is a relationship between distance traveled, time of travel, and speed of travel. Mathematics provides a relatively simple equation: Distance traveled = average speed multiplied by time of travel In simpler mathematical terms, d = s x t Math involves data analysis, number relationships and graphing, patterns and functions, statistics, and measurement. People who use math in their work, it doesnt occur that often that youd need to calculate 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 or 0. 1 x 0. 1 x 0. 1 x 0. 1 x 0. 1 or other such calculations. One example of how math do kind of connect with our everyday lives: when we speak about square feet, square meters, square inches, square miles, square kilometers or any other area units, or when we speak about cubic feet, cubic meters, cubic centimeters or any other such volume units. If you talk about SQUARE shaped areas, for example if you say My room is twelve by twelve square, youre meaning your room is 12 feet x 12 feet, or 122 square feet. I believe one reason that mathematics is not more generally applied has to do with a tendency to ‘think’ of mathematics only in terms of numbers, precision, quantification, and so on. We forget that mathematics is also about relationships, relatedness, relationships between relationships, interconnections, dependency (functions), changing relationships (calculus), factors that constitute relationships (variables), structure (order, relationships), asymmetric relationships (order), (graphical, numerical, and other representations (mapping), increase and decrease (addition, subtraction , multiplication, division, etc. ) and so on. The notion of a â€Å"function† is another mathematical tool we can apply to our everyday situations. Function in mathematics has to do with â€Å"relationships between variables – how a dependent variable changes when related variables change. In a simple equation y=3x, if we change the value of x, then y changes. Y is called the dependent variable, and x the independent variable. In other words the value of y depends on the value we give to x. And in this equation, we can give x any value we choose. In our everyday living, we do many things that are related to other things – although not as precisely as in mathematics – and we give values, assign meanings, and so on. Our whole living involves relationships. Our successes are a function of our efforts. The way others treat us is a function of how we behave towards them. Meanings, values, significance, understanding, etc. , are functions of ‘time’ – more specifically information available at a ‘time’. In a world where as far as we know everything is related, we can learn a lot about our everyday relationships by studying the approaches of a system that deals specifically with relationships. Variables and functions are only two examples of a vast number of other mathematics approaches we can apply to better understanding our everyday relationships. Math applies to daily life, with sections on gambling odds, buying and leasing cars, population growth, decorating, and cooking. Most sections include hands-on activities. One of the most complete and self-sufficient math units on the Web is Project Sky Math: Making Mathematical Connections Using the Science and Language of Patterns to Explore the Weather. They study the history of weather prediction, develop symbol sets, prepare graphs, predict changes, solve problems, and discover rules. General semantics involves applying the methods of science and mathematics to our everyday living. For instance, if we ‘think’ of things – anything – in terms of the â€Å"variable†, we will come to realize that like the mathematical variable that is sometimes a higher value and sometimes a lower value, we should expect things and situations to change. Sometimes this change will occur in the way we like; other times not. Sometimes more than we expect, sometimes less. Sometimes we will observe no significant change. We can expect our moods and ‘feelings’ to vary. ‘Thinking’ in terms of the variable better prepares us to anticipate and manage changes in our lives. This could reduce a great deal of stress in our lives – stress related to our forgetting that thing-processes are not constants. Family, partners, friends, work situations, health, etc. , won’t stay the way we found them or the way we expect them to go. ‘Thinking’ in terms of the variable, we would expect variations in our lives, and situations to vary related to different ‘time’, ‘places’, contexts, and so on. It is important to keep in ‘mind’ that with regards to our everyday relationships, unlike mathematical equations, precision is not the important factor-variable here. Important factors involve recognizing relationships, interconnections, and â€Å"interdependencies†. An important factor is to be aware that we assign our own individual values to what we see, hear, read, and so on. We could avoid, or better manage many conflicts, by remembering variables and functions. There are lots of real uses of mathematics in our life. All the mathematics terms base on counting. Today our all businesses base on counting. There is no concept of business without mathematics. Before the mathematics rules people use barter system. They give their goods to others and take the goods from other people. But this system cannot continue longer when need of humans increased day by day. Now you can think that counting has vital role in our daily life, just imagine if there were no mathematics at all, how it would be possible for us to count days, months and years. There is a cost for everything that we may use or purchase from markets so whats a cost? What are utility bills? Whats the ticket price? These are all applications of mathematics. We cannot deny the importance of mathematics in our daily life. When we got to shop to purchase something we need mathematics. When someone comes to our shop to purchase something we need calculations. There are many uses of mathematics in real life most likely in jobs like accounting, banking , store manager or just working at a simple fast food store. These are very simple applications of mathematics. Mathematics is at the core of all the communication technologies, its used in accounting, finance etc in short we are using mathematics in some form or another everywhere in our daily lives. But the most important use of mathematics in our technologies cannot be contradicted. Our most of the system base on computers and all the computer technology are stands on mathematical rules. All computers work on binary code, code of zero and one. So we cannot deny the importance of mathematics in real life. Everyday life would be quite difficult if you had no knowledge of math. To know whats the time, the most precious thing. On a basic level you need to able to count your money, multiply, subtract and divide. You need knowledge of math if you want to work out how much material to buy for a job. More advanced mathematics is essential if you take up any kind of technical career such as engineering. Working on algebra and geometry also helps with reasoning skills and assists later in life with technical problem solving. Living your day to day life without maths would be extremely difficult. Even if you were a nomad in the desert you would want to count your goats, wouldnt you? The key to opportunity These are the years of small beginnings until the day comes that you have to be able to do something as intricate as algebra. Math is the key that will unlock the door before you. Having the ability to do algebra will help you excel into the field that you want to specialize in. We live in a world where only the best succeed. Having the ability and knowledge to do algebra will determine whether you will take the short cut or the detour in the road of life. Prerequisite for advanced training Most employers expect their employees to be able to do the fundamentals of algebra. If you want to do any advanced training you will have to be able to be fluent in the concept of letters and symbols used to represent quantities. Science Moreover, it is also believed that Mathematics is the mother of all sciences. This also shows us that all the sciences that are evolved have a sound foundation in mathematics, if we go further in debate it would be justified to say that the blessings of all these modern sciences and technologies are only possible with mathematics. Mathematics is used as a problem solver in every field of science. Mathematics is playing a very important role in our daily lives. In fact mathematics is involved directly or indirectly wherever we go and every thing that we may use. When doing any form of science, whether just a project or a lifetime career choice, you will have to be able to do and understand how to use and apply the concepts of math. Analysis When it comes to analyzing anything, whether the cost, price or profit of a business you will need to be able to do math. Margins need to be set and calculations need to be made to do strategic planning and analyzing is the way to do it. Data entry What about the entering of any data. Your use of algebraic expressions and the use of equations will be like a corner stone when working with data entry. When working on the computer with spreadsheets you will need algebraic skills to enter, design and plan. Decision making Decisions like which cell phone provider gives the best contracts to deciding what type of vehicle to buy, you will use algebra to decide which one is the best one. By drawing up a graph and weighing the best option you will get the best value for your money. Interest Rates How much can you earn on an annual basis with the correct interest rate. How will you know which company gives the best if you cant work out the graphs and understand the percentages. In todays life a good investment is imperative. Writing of assignments When writing any assignments the use of graphs, data and math will validate your statements and make it appear more professional. Professionalism is of the essence if you want to move ahead and be taken seriously. Math is basically about solving problems and calculating different things. So if you are good in math, you are good at solving problems and calculating things first hand. Can you see the importance of algebra? Your day can be made a lot easier with planning. In financial decisions this can save you a lot of finances or maybe get you the best price available. It all comes down to planning and using the knowledge and algebraic skills you have to benefit your own life. Use the key you have and make your life a lot smoother. Mathematics is very important for life since it helps us to quantify all the visible and invisible things with which we are dealing in daily life. It is human nature that they do not have complete confidence in the subjective or relative things, in the modern day of today the objective things are preferred and trusted more than the subjective things. Mathematics helps us to have an objective view of the different things we are dealing with. It helps us in making calculations about the things which are not physically developed like for buildings before construction. Living a life unknowing Maths would be living in random oblivion. Mathematics is primarily used for the purpose of scientific calculation of figures and objects. In real life the use of Mathematics can be applicable to every aspect, field, profession and subject etc. In IT field, in Statistics, in Accounts, in Algebra, in Geometry, for instance, Mathematics is used for calculating, multiplying, subtracting, division, differentiating, manipulating and managing the data in desired form. In other professions Mathematics can merely be used for the calculation of currency, recording the profits and loss. In ordinary life Mathematics can be used for the calculation of any specific or general sort. Concisely it can be said that Mathematics can be used for the authentic and scientific variation between and calculation of numbers, amounts, quantities etc; measurements of the frequencies of light and sound, of distance. Maths is all around us. It is present in different forms; it is very important that we take note of it. Things are measured or accurate due to maths. Mathematics has a prominent role to play in our daily life. We even didnt realize that maths is involves in every sort of activities. Whenever we pick up the phone, manage the money, travel to some other place, unintentionally in all these things maths is involved. Another very simple application is calendar year. How we know that today is Tuesday? It was Thursday on May 1, 2012? Its actually mathematics that gives/provides us all this information. Mathematics do play a big part in our daily lives. Mathematical functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and so on are used in our daily activities. From poor to rich , all have to some how use mathematics in their real lives. Consider a housewife, who has to run her house in the given budget. She divides money according to her needs and estimates about the expenses and then spends it according her range. From the advent of civilization, man learn to count using stones and beads. In the earliest civilization, barter-system was used. Now-a-days, all day to day transactions in a multi-national or national companies involve mathematical operations . The application of maths is seen every moment, right from the moment we wake up from bed in the morning till the moment we again go back to bed at night. As soon as we wake up, we first of all give a big yawn-that makes us think for how long we have yawned? 3 to 5 seconds? Here maths comes! Again when we look at the clock, we realise how late we have got up! 8:30 a. m! Here the part called Time of mathematics is put to focus. Even when we brush our teeth, we should know how much amount of toothpaste we must useits written on the tubes that children below the age of 6 years should use only a pea-sized amount of it. Again, we must keep a track of how much time we have to take to brush our teeth. Then comes the time of studying.. we keep a regular routine of how long we must study a particular subject and i often hear my mom saying me. You must keep a little extra time for Maths and Science.. Then comes bathingwe take a certain amount of water which we can count in litres. Now if i have to go on saying for the whole day about the use of maths in real life, i would not be able to complete it in a day! The list is endless. Mathematics is very important for life since it helps us to quantify all the visible and invisible things with which we are dealing in daily life. It is human nature that they do not have complete confidence in the subjective or relative things, in the modern day of today the objective things are preferred and trusted more than the subjective things. Mathematics helps us to have an objective view of the different things we are dealing with. It helps us in making calculations about the things which are not physically developed like for buildings before construction. We do calculations and ensure if their design is safe or not, similarly mathematics helps us to plan things for future either is any production environment for products or services. It helps us to have an idea that how much earning or spending has been done and would it be beneficial to do a certain activity or not. In todays world mathematics is being applied everywhere like in the economy of a country, construction of buildings, marking and evaluation of persons. It would be appropriate to say that mathem atics has helped a lot in achieving the fast speed life with all its comforts and delights If we are quick at mental arithmetic, it will help you a lot in saving hundreds of pounds or dollars in the supermarket. And if you have knowledge of statistics it will help you see through the baloney (non sense, lies) in television adverts or newspapers. You can also understand different kinds of information about the football or cricket team. Even simple maths equations are just around us, like spherical shapes of soap bubbles, ripples on the surface of water. Maths help engineer in making different shapes with geometrical shape the structure of the building was not possible. The beauty of maths is not only around us but a strong know how of maths help us in every day life too. Just start looking around you and you will find that how maths is help full to you in your life We do calculations and ensure if their design is safe or not, similarly mathematics helps us to plan things for future either is any production environment for products or services. It helps us to have an idea that how much earning or spending has been done and would it be beneficial to do a certain activity or not. In todays world mathematics is being applied everywhere like in the economy of a country, construction of buildings, marking and evaluation of persons. It would be appropriate to say that mathematics has helped a lot in achieving the fast speed life with all its comforts and delights. Without math, one would not be able to function in the REAL world. We use math to purchase things we want, we use math to measure, tell time and so on. We all need the basics but having a more advanced knowledge in math such as geometry, algebra and metric system always helps. As they say knowledge is priceless. Without math, one would not be able to function in the real  world. We use math to purchase things we want, we use math to measure, tell time and so on. We all need the basics but having a more advanced knowledge in math such as geometry, algebra and metric system always helps. As they say knowledge is priceless. Without math, one would not be able to function in the real  world. We use math to purchase things we want, we use math to measure, tell time and so on. We all need the basics but having a more advanced knowledge in math such as geometry, algebra and metric system always helps. As they say knowledge is priceless.

Connected battery to ammeter Essay Example for Free

Connected battery to ammeter Essay The aim of this investigation is to find out the relationship between resistance and conductive putty, and to see how length of putty affects this relationship. The Experiment: Conductive putty is specially designed to be a conductor; this is achieved by adding carbon black. This can easily be used to prove the concept of resistivity because it is malleable and so the cross-sectional area, length and shape can easily be changed. This experiment will show the effects on resistance in a circuit, as the length of putty decreases. I will be using 30cm of putty, and decreasing it by 5cm each time. First the voltage of the battery will be taken using a voltmeter, and this will be recorded at the start of the experiment. Then a circuit will be constructed containing the battery, the ammeter and putty. See diagram. For each different length of putty, a reading will be recorded from the ammeter and when the practical has been completed, I will work out the resistance using the formula R=VI. From those results I will draw a graph and then evaluate and conclude my experiment. Diagram: Constants: My constants include the weight of my putty I am going to start each experiment with 50g of putty. I will also sustain the same thickness of putty throughout my experiment, and the same battery will be used constantly. Variables: Possible variables in this experiment are temperature, voltage, cross-sectional area, mass, surface area and length. My variable is going to be the length of my putty, which will decrease by 5cm each time. I am going to start each experiment, using 30cm of putty. Fair Test: To ensure my results are as accurate as possible, I will make sure my experiment is a fair test. For this, there should only be one variable. Other procedures can ensure it is a fair test, such as accurately measuring the putty to make sure it is decreased by 5cm exactly every time. The same battery should be used throughout the experiment and to guarantee no results are anomalous, the experiment will be conducted three times and a mean average will be taken from each result. Prediction and Hypothesis: I predict that the resistance will be directly proportional to the length of the conductor so that if the length is doubled, the resistance will double providing all other factors remain constant. My hypothesis for this is that conductors have lower resistance when they are shorter because the electrons have a shorter distance to travel so more energy is conserved since there are fewer collisions, and the current is higher. In the longer lengths, as free electrons move from atom to atom some energy given off to heat. The longer a conductor is, the more energy is lost to heat. The additional energy loss subtracts from the energy being transferred through the conductor, resulting in a decrease in current flow and an increase in resistance Safety: The conductive putty is a harmless, non toxic and non-staining, however if gloves are not worn, your hands become black and you will need to wash them. A lab coat should be worn to minimize marks on clothes and the experiment is conducted on a tray to reduce the possibility of a messy workspace. Apparatus list: 50g of conductive putty 2 coins Tray to work on Knife Ammeter Ruler Voltmeter Wires Crocodile clips Gloves Method: Put on gloves and rolled putty into 30cm long piece on the tray, trying to keep the thickness consist ant. Used voltmeter recorded the voltage of the battery. Connected battery to ammeter, and connected ammeter and other terminal of battery to putty by putting crocodile clips on the ends of the wires, clipping them to coins and placing coins at either end of the putty, this was done to make a reliable connection. See circuit diagram. Recorded reading from ammeter. Measured 5cm of putty with ruler and cut with knife. Re-attached putty to circuit. Repeated process, deducting 5cm from puttys length each time, recording the reading from the ammeter. Repeated experiment three times, which will enable me to spot anomalous results.

Aspects Of A Good Translation English Language Essay

Aspects Of A Good Translation English Language Essay Culture and its meaning in translations. Culture may be defined in many ways. When the study of translation is taken into account, it must be defined with an understanding of the correlation involving language, culture and religion. In view of the fact that culture is a useful device while dealing with problems of translation, numerous translation theorists make efforts to identify the expression Culture. A good illustration of this is the work Primitive Culture and Religion in Primitive Culture by Sir Edward Burnett Tylor. Tylors work is divided into two volumes. In his first work, Primitive Culture (1871) forms well-known definition concerning the basis of modern understanding of the term culture in which he states that:Cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ taken in its widest ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.  In second volume, Religion in Primitive Culture, Taylor deals largely with his analysis of animism. Animism isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦( I tried to think of something and connect it but Ill have to leave it for now, maybe later on Ill use it) Others researchers who perceive translation through culture are Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952:167) for whom culture is a product; is historical; includes ideas, patterns, and values; is selective; is learned; is based upon symbols; and is an abstraction from behaviour and objects of behavior; Lee McKay (2002:86) adds that culture is said to be embedded in the semantics of a language; while Danial Bates and Fred Plog (1990:7) consider culture to be a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artefacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Danial Bates and Fred Plog as a stepping-stone to language acquisition consider artifacts of culture such as cinema and television programming, these two types are viewed as the windows into the target culture along with target language. It is tempting to suggest that the means of communication that passes on any culture is inevitably language. In the view of Karamanian (IS3), three different aspects of human activity are expressed by the term culture and these are: the personal, the collective, and the expressive. First aspect implies that individuals think and function as such; the collective describe the social context in which people function, the expressive in which society expresses itself. We need to bear in mind that the process of translating cultural factor is a very demanding task as it covers concepts like history, religion, tradition, social life or everyday customs. It is widely acknowledged that these aspects are the main components of the translators work which leads to the flawless translation. A good translator need to have an excellent comprehension of the real nature of the original message being brought over to the target language receptors. A good understanding of a hidden message in a given text is crucial in the process of translation and depends on the background knowledge of the translator whose main aim is to convert it into target language. Conveying the original message meaning in the given source culture is the true aim of the good translator. Cultural differences between languages and the ways of dealing with them. Traditional translation theories focus on verbal comparison between the source texts and their translations. As Mary Snell-Hornby puts it: The text cannot be considered as a static specimen of language (an idea still dominant in practical translation classes), but essentially as the verbalized expression of an authors intention as understood by the translator as reader, who then recreates this whole for another readership in another culture. (Mary Snell-Hornby 1988: 1-2) Cultural Gaps. It is widely acknowledged that specific cultural references and elements can cause problems a for the translators. When two cultures differ immensely, there is high probability that numerous concepts and words which may occur in one culture and in the language may not be found in the other. This will lead to the cultural gaps between the source and the target texts, which can only be solved to a certain point. Dagut (1978: 49) says that cultural gaps are caused by community-specific referents in one community and their absence in the other culture. Cultural objects, beliefs, customs and institutions are determined by the cultural history and traditions of the specific language community. A language community creates designators to symbolise referents which do not occur in the other language community. The resulting gaps are then (a) more, (b) more language specific, and (c) more translation-resistant than the environmental type (Dagut 1981: 52). Type of the translation Another aspect of a good translation is the type of translation. In regard to the formal boundaries of poetry, there is lesser focus on form than in mangas, however that does not denote the role of the content as an more important aspect. In fact, conveying the most subtle shades of meaning such as form and content in translation is a extremely difficult task. Generally, there is a tendency while translating mangas, to sacrifice the form for the sake of the content. According to Gutt there is a problem of how far can translators progress with the interpretation of the source text and how vivid the description should be. Gutt states that translation should be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾clear and natural in expression in the sense that it should not be unnecessarily difficult to understand (Gutt 1991: 188) Newmark (1988) compiles some guiding principles how to cope with different types of translation, which apply to the principle of relevance concerning audience with particular kinds of interests. These are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾A technical translator has no right to create neologisms whilst an advertiser or propaganda writer can use any linguistic resources he requires. Conventional metaphors and sayings should always be conventionally translated but unusual metaphors and comparisons should be reduced to their sense if the text has a mainly informative function The appropriate equivalents for keywords should be scrupulously repeated throughout a text in a philosophical text In a non-literary text, there is a case for transcribing as well as translating any key-word of linguistic significance (Newmark 1988: 15) Chapter 2 Principles of translation. 2.1. Linguistic versus Cultural aspects in translation. According to Savory different guidelines sometimes may deny each other in terms of rules and exceptions. This leaded Savory to create his own pair-wise contradictory principles of translation: A translation must give the words of the original. A translation must give the ideas of the original. A translation should read like an original work. A translation should read like a translation. A translation should reflect the style of the original. A translation should possess the style of the translator. A translation should read as contemporary of te original. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator. A translation may add to or omit from the original. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. A translation of verse should be in prose. A translation of verse should be in verse. (Savory 1968: 54) Savoy claims that these paradoxes can be resolved through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾reader-analysis, Different things are considered to be relevant for different readers. On the other hand Victor Khairullin (1992: 155) implies that linguistic aspects are not the only one that are involved in the process of translation but also is culture. Victor Khairullin (1992: 155) states that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The process of translation is a creative kind of activity, based on both linguistic and culturological rules. Every language is unique. The language pattern of the world is accounted for by culturological peculiarities, i.e. peculiarities of ethnic, [and] social, norms and economic achievements of a nation in a certain stage of development. Culturology in a language pattern is essential, so some specialists tend to believe that in effect one does not translate language, one translates cultures. (Khairullin 1992: 155) Stylistic preferences. The next aspect on the list is the time in which given work has been created. This statement leads to the assumption that the constant changes that languages undergo call for continuous modifications in stylistic preferences. No two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arrangedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Nida 1964: 156). Hence, a translation from one epoch can be rather objectionable at a present time. The matter of how accurate a translation should be to the original was and always will be arguable. Ernst-August Gutt (1991) tries to give an answer to that problem by using the concept of optimal resemblance in interpretive translation. In his theory of relevance, he maintains his opinion that translation ought to express the significance of the source language in a manner that is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾clear and natural in expression to the target culture, but avoids à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾unnecessary processing effort (Gutt 1991: 188). Therefore, the interpretation of the original text should give resemblance to guarantee sufficiently appropriate context to the audience. The way it is presented should not involve any further processing effort from the recipients. When we think of translation in terms of making it as accurate to the source text as possible, we have to ask ourselves is it possible to preserve all the features of the original if not what qualities are consequential. Levy (1969:103) states that if this kind of situation occurs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾the translator has to decide which qualities of the original are the most important and which ones one could miss out.. As far as poetry is concerned, preservation of both the form and the content may be very difficult task, depending on the extent of similarities of translated languages. This situation may take place if the target language has ways of expressing the same denotations of words and of rhyming, but may not have words or expressions that carry out both conditions. Therefore, the decision is to be made by the translator, which properties to preserve. These major aspects of a culture are crucial for translators. The good translation depends not only on the knowledge about the target culture but also on the translators understanding of religious background of translated item. Translators should identify the translation throughout culture. They ought to realize that each language contains elements which are originated in its culture. Moreover, every text is anchored in a specific culture, and that it has its own proprieties of production and reception which may vary from culture to culture. Finding appropriate equivalence of a text while translating manga may depend on deep understanding/ knowledge of target culture. Translator who attempts to translate an original text from Japanese into English may not be able to satisfy the target audience. It is tempting to suggest that finding proper word is the key to achieve good translation. However if the translation from Japanese into English is taken into account it must be mentioned that some problems may occur due to cultural ambiguities. Aimai. Aimai Ambiguities in Japanese Culture are of the greatest importance, because they may lead to mistranslation. Further reflections shows that Japanese are generally ambiguous, shockingly vague in their works such as mangas. The word aimai can be translated as: ambiguous, murky, vague, double-edged or foggy. The other meanings are: questionable, doubtful, shady or non-committal. It may look like Japanese may have some problems with expressing their feelings even in comics as it can be seen in many mangas, but on the other hand it can convey more than one idea which will only make it more attractive to the reader. When two similar terms such as ambiguity and vagueness appear we should distinct them according to their usage. Ambiguity is different from vagueness, which arises when the boundaries of meaning are indistinct. Ambiguity is context-dependent: the same linguistic item (be it a word, phrase, or sentence) may be ambiguous in one context and unambiguous in another context. For a word, ambiguity typically refers to an unclear choice between different definitions as may be found in a dictionary. The use of ambiguities happen that one would offer totally different idea. 1.5. Religion and its influence in mangas. Religion is the second aspect leading to mistranslations. The main dilemma in this field is the fact that translators often do not have any certainty of source text producer knowledge or intentions. Therefore, anything to do with biblical translations involve interpretation processes based on receivers assumptions, rather than simple translation. What is more, dealing with religion aspects often involves rendering through old anonymous documents. Moreover, it is important to consider the functions of both the source text and target text or reason for their creation. A useful tool at this point is Reiss and Vermeer Skopos Theory from 1984. Its main focus is aimed at the translation purpose which determines the translation methods and strategies. Because of the cultural aspect of religion, one cannot ignore target culture customs or knowledge connected with translation topics that incorporate religious elements especially due to its delicate character which means that any translation may easily offend the audience by means of incompetence or ignorance. The main advantage of this theory is the possibility of translating one text in different ways, depending on the need (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984). All in all, encountering any religious elements in the aspect of translation involves a deep insight in th culture environment of the subject so as to eliminate the possibility of misunderstanding. Furthermore, it is necessary to state the purpose of translation in order to fulfill requirements of source translation receivers. To conclude what is essential for the translator is not learning the literal meaning of the words, how to put them together but their meaning in the cultural context. Understanding of the cultural and religious norms is needed, that is why native translators are better than foreigner ones. If we take into consideration capabilities and the knowledge of cultural context while translating from Japanese to English Japanese translators are more suitable. A foreign person may learn almost every aspect of a given language but still it will not be the same as in the case of being born as a native. This statement can be easily illustrated by the quotation of Janet Holmes. As Holmes points out in her book titled: An introduction to sociolinguistics: Learning another language usually involves a great deal more than learning the literal meaning of the words, how to put them together, how to pronounce them. We need to know what they mean in the cultural context in which they are normally used. And that involves some understanding of the cultural and social norms of their users (Holmes 2001: 275).

Battle of Breitenfeld Essay -- essays research papers fc

It is said that the Romans owed the conquest of the world to no other cause than continual military training, exact observance of discipline in their camps and unwearied cultivation of the arts of war. The historical references of their battles will prove time and again that this statement has validity. How could such an Army rise to the power that was Rome in all its glory while being outnumbered on almost every battlefield? In an attempt to explore this question, one must delve into the foundation of the early Roman army and follow it through the five hundred year reign of power as the city-state rose to an empire (Preston.pg.29) The process by which Rome developed from a small military outpost on a river-crossing to become the dominant power of the Italian Peninsula was by no means swift or continuous. It took the better part of five centuries and during that time Rome itself was twice occupied by foreign powers (Warry. Pg.108). As the strength of Etrurua diminished, Rome asserted its authority over both the Etruscans and the Latins, but at the beginning of the fourth century B.C. the city was overwhelmed, after the disastrous battle of the Allia, by a vast horde of Gallic raiders (Contamine. pg.9). The Romans retreated into their citadel on the Capitoline Mount where they eventually fought off the Gauls, whose immediate interest was in pillaging for anything of worth and not in the land (Dersin.pg.8). Roman history records that the great Camillus, Rome’s exiled war leader, was recalled to speed the parting Gauls with military action, but this tries to hide the fact that the Gauls departed of their ow n accord, having obtained what they wanted. Roman military history is checkered by catastrophes that few great empires could have sustained during the period of their growth. Nobody would deny that the Romans were a formidable military nation; yet the genius which enabled them eventually to dominate the ancient world was as much political as military. Their great political instrument of choice was the concept of citizenship. Citizenship was not simply a status which one did or did not possess. It was and aggregate of right, duties, and honors, which could be acquired separately and conferred by installments (Boatwright.pg.25). Such were the rights of making legal contracts and marriages. From both of these the right to a political vote was not separable; no... ...rise to power, no single people dominated all or even most of that world. Military force and tactics that adapted over time and between enemies were large factors in Rome’s eventual dominance over the entire region, and credit must be given to the resiliency of the Romans in the face of victories and defeats along the way. Works Cited Preston, Richard; Roland, Alex; Wise Sydney. Men In Arms. (Ohio: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005) Warry, John. Warfare in the Classical World. (London: Oklahoma University and Salamander Books Ltd, 1995) Boatwright, Mary; Gargola, Daniel; Talbert, Richard. The Romans From Village to Empire. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004) Grant, Michael. The Fall Of The Roman Empire. (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990) Nardo, Don. The Rise Of the Roman Empire. (California: Greenhaven Press, 2002) Contamine, Phillip. War in the Middle Ages. (Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 1999) Dersin, Denise. What Life Was Like When Rome Ruled the World. (Virginia: Time Life Books, 1997) Harris, Nathaniel. History of Ancient Rome. (London: Octopus Publishing, 2000) Roberts, Timothy. Ancient Rome. (New York: Friedman/Fairfax

Galahad as a Christ Figure Essay -- God Religion Galahad Essays Papers

Galahad as a Christ Figure Very few people can call themselves a Christ figure. There are so many elements that go into being a Christ figure. Galahad had all those elements. He was enraptured, he saw 'the wonders of the Holy Grail', and he had disciples. Also, he made life better for human beings by sacrificing himself for others, he preformed miracles, and he heard holy voices and saw holy visions. Because of all that he did Galahad was a proven Christ figure of his time. Galahad would hear holy voices and see visions throughout his journeys. Galahad saw a vision of angels praying about a silver table, meaning that he was close to the end of his search for the Holy Grail. Many times voices would help him and warn him. At one time he was about to kill one of the knights he had been fighting when a voice told him, 'If those two knights had known you as well as I do, they would let you alone.' Hearing this, Galahad rode off without killing either of the knights. The voice saved him from killing his own father. 'For once caution was the better part of valor!' Performing miracles to make life better for human beings is a characteristic that Christ figures possess. When the silver table appeared on Galahad?s boat, he needed help taking it off. He called to an old crippled man to help him carry it. The old man told Galahad that he had been crippled for far too long and such a task would be impossible for him. Finally, the cripple obeyed Galahad and when he stood up he ...

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Introduction Probation and Parole are the main components to the corrections systems. The corrections system decides whether a convicted felon will be approved for parole. The convicted felon may be released from prison and be on probation. If the felon moves back into society or it is possible to have their parole revoked and stay in prison till they can apply for parole again or finish their sentence. These are the elements that help society and ex-convicts to cohabit together without repercussions. The corrections system gives an offender the opportunity to apply for parole. Then the parole board has the decision to approve or revoke the offenders application based on his or her overall behavior according to; their mental state, if they caused any harm towards other inmates or guards, verbal abuse, crime, and any remorse towards the crime that they committed. Probation is after parole, it is there for them to get help and to establish themselves back into society by setting goals. These goals are to be completed by themselves such as finding a job, going to work on time, going back to school and earning a degree, trying and reconnecting with family members and their children, going to either alcohol or drug counseling for an addiction, and keeping a clean image and steering away from bad influences that got them to make bad decisions and land them into prison. Parole is the first step for offenders wanting a second chance at freedom. Offenders have to apply and state their case on why they should be granted parole but some really don't take that into consideration. The parole board really dissects each and every parole application and applicant. The parole board looks from their childhood to the crime they did committ... ...s American corrections system. It is not going to be perfect even though we do need to change a lot of things for an offender to make it in society again and to help him or her move forward from their previous lifestyles. While we are a country and a society, we do have the right laws for offenders not to be let out of prison easily. For probation and parole there are offenders who do succeed when going back into society. There are some that violate the rules based on how often they are being seen by their probation officer or if the parolee even wants to complete their goals and change. There are some who have remorse for their crimes and some that don’t even care. These two components to this system are more based on the roles of the offenders but the laws that were developed from different countries contribute to these imperfect methods of our corrections system.